What is Hydrogen? Hydrogen is the lightest and simplest element with no smell, taste and color. Its atomic number 1, symbol (H), molecule (H2) and atomic mass are 1.008 g mol−1. It occupies the first position in the periodic table.
Its atom consists of only one
proton and one electron. Because it is an active element, it is not found
independently on Earth but is found in compounds with many other elements. This
gas is found on earth as a compound in water, acids, carbohydrates, oil,
diesel, petrol, etc.
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| What is hydrogen |
Unsaturated hydrogen is found in a small amount of air. Its volume in the upper air is more than expected. This gas is abundant in the stars and it plays a major role in the process of generating heat and light.
The density of ‘H’ is 0.09
grams per liter. It becomes liquid and solid at very low temperatures.
Liquid hydrogen boils at -253 ° C and solid hydrogen melts at -258
° C.
See also: What is oxygen?
What is a hydrogen bond?
A Hydrogen bond is a bridge
between two electronegative atoms which acts as a bridge. It is also called -H-
bond. The energy of the hydrogen bond (about 5 to 30 kJ /
mol) is comparable to a (Week) covalent bond (155 kg/mol). A special
connective bond is about 20 times stronger than an intermittent
hydrogen bond.
History
Henry Cavendish was the first to
recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance. He speculated that
"flammable air" was in fact similar to an imaginary substance called
"phlogiston" and further found in 1781 that gas produces water when
it burns.
He is generally credited with the
discovery of hydrogen as an element. They obtained it by the reaction of
dilute sulfuric acid on iron and were called flammable air. In 1883 Lavoisier
named it hydrogen because it burns with oxygen to form water. The name hydrogen
is taken from the Greek word ὑδρο γενής. (ὑδρο - hydro meaning
"water" and γενής - genes meaning "creator")
How to make hydrogen in the laboratory
In the laboratory, hydrogen gas
can be made by chemically reacting certain metals such as zinc, magnesium,
iron, etc. with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.
Zn (s) + 2HCl(dil) (aq) ® ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(dil)(aq) ® MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Things to pay attention to when making ‘H2’ gas in the laboratory.
- Pure zinc should not be used as it reacts slowly with dilute sulfuric acid.
- Hard sulfuric acid should not be used as it gives off other gases (sulfur dioxide) instead of H2 gas.
- Ulf bottle should be made airtight with cork.
- Once sulfuric acid has been added to the experiment material, the flame should not be moved near it.
Industrial production of hydrogen
Hydrogen atom released by a
chemical reaction that is more active than molecule hydrogen. This is called
nascent hydrogen but soon two hydrogen active atoms combine to form a hydrogen
molecule.
H2 gas in industries
is produced by the following two processes.
From hydrocarbons and water vapor
To produce large amounts of
hydrogen, methane is reacted with boiling water vapor at high temperatures (1200०
C). Powdered nickel is used as a catalyst in this reaction.
9000
-12000C
CH4 (g) + H2O
(steam) ® CO
(g) + 3H2(g)
Ni
From the electrolysis of water
Hydrogen gas is also produced in
industries by electrolysis of water.
Properties of hydrogen
Physical properties
- This gas is odorless, odorless, and tasteless.
- It is the simplest gas and is lighter than air.
- This gas is extremely soluble in water.
- Hydrogen can also be made liquid and solid at high pressure and low temperature.
- Its boiling temperature is -253 ° C and melting temperature is -258 ° C.
- Hydrogen does not react with litmus paper.
Chemical properties
1. This gas burns in air or oxygen
and becomes water.
2H2(g) + O2 ® 2H2O(l)
2. It combines with metals such as
sodium, potassium, and calcium to form hydrides.
3000C
2Na + H2 ® 2NaH
3000C
Ca + H2 ® CaH2
3. Forms metal and water by reacting
with some metal oxides.
Fe3O4(s) +
4H2 ®
2Fe(s) + 4H2O(l)
ZnO(s) + H2 ® Zn(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2 ® Cu(s) + H2O(l)
PbO(s) + H2 ® Pb(s) + H2O(l)
4. It reacts with some halogens to
form halides.
H2 + F2 ® 2HF
H2 + Cl2 ® 2HCl
H2+ Br2 ® 2HBr
H2 + I2 ® 2HI
5. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen at
about 200-600 atmospheric pressure and 5000C to form ammonia gas.
200-600atms
3H2 + N2 ®
2NH3
5000C
+ Ni
Use of hydrogen gas
- It is mixed with helium and used to fill balloons.
- This gas is used to make vegetable oil.
- Hydrogen gas is used to make chemical fertilizers. It is used to make fertilizers like ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and urea.
- When it is burned with oxygen, high heat is released, which is called hydrogen flame. It is used in smelting, cutting, and welding of metals.
- It is used as fuel in rockets.
Conclusion: Hydrogen is
the most important and useful element which plays a major role in the process
of generating heat and light.
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